Vitamin B17, also known as amygdalin or laetrile, has been a subject of intense debate for decades, often promoted as a natural cancer cure while dismissed by mainstream science as ineffective and potentially dangerous. Found in the seeds of certain fruits like apricots, peaches, and bitter almonds, amygdalin is a glycoside compound that some alternative health advocates claim has anti-cancer properties. However, the scientific community largely classifies it as a pseudoscientific remedy, unsupported by rigorous evidence and associated with serious risks.
Origins and Claims of Vitamin B17
The term “Vitamin B17” was coined in the 1950s by Ernst T. Krebs Jr., a biochemist who, along with his father, promoted amygdalin as a vitamin essential for health. The Krebses claimed that a deficiency in B17 could lead to cancer, and supplementation could both prevent and treat the disease. Amygdalin, a naturally occurring compound in certain plant seeds, was marketed under the name laetrile, a semi-synthetic derivative, as a non-toxic alternative to chemotherapy. Proponents suggested that B17 worked by releasing cyanide selectively in cancer cells, killing them without harming healthy tissue, based on the theory that cancer cells contain higher levels of an enzyme (beta-glucosidase) that triggers cyanide release.
The idea gained traction in the 1970s, particularly in the United States and Mexico, where alternative clinics offered laetrile treatments. Books like World Without Cancer by G. Edward Griffin popularized the narrative that B17 was a suppressed cure, allegedly blocked by pharmaceutical companies and medical establishments to protect profitable cancer treatments. This appeal to conspiracy theories resonated with patients disillusioned by conventional medicine, fueling a market for apricot seed supplements and laetrile injections.
Scientific Evidence and Lack of Efficacy
Despite its popularity, the scientific evidence for Vitamin B17’s efficacy as a cancer treatment is overwhelmingly negative. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and other major health organizations have conducted extensive reviews, finding no credible support for its anti-cancer claims. A landmark 1982 study published in The New England Journal of Medicine tested laetrile in 178 cancer patients and found no significant tumor regression or survival benefit compared to placebo. The study concluded that laetrile was ineffective and potentially harmful due to cyanide toxicity risks.
Subsequent research has reinforced these findings. A 2015 Cochrane review of amygdalin and laetrile studies found no high-quality evidence supporting their use in cancer treatment, noting that most studies were small, poorly designed, or anecdotal. The selective cyanide release theory lacks biological plausibility, as healthy cells also contain enzymes that can metabolize amygdalin, leading to systemic cyanide exposure. Laboratory studies, such as those in Cancer Research (1978), showed that cancer cells do not preferentially release cyanide from amygdalin, debunking the core mechanism proposed by proponents.
Moreover, amygdalin is not a vitamin. Vitamins are essential nutrients required for bodily functions, and their deficiency causes specific diseases (e.g., scurvy from vitamin C deficiency). No evidence suggests that amygdalin is essential or that its absence causes cancer. The “Vitamin B17” label is a misnomer, strategically used to lend credibility to a compound that does not meet the scientific criteria for a vitamin.
Risks and Dangers of Amygdalin Use
The use of Vitamin B17 carries significant health risks, primarily due to its cyanide content. When ingested, amygdalin is broken down by enzymes in the gut or body into benzaldehyde, glucose, and hydrogen cyanide—a potent toxin. Symptoms of cyanide poisoning include nausea, dizziness, headache, and, in severe cases, seizures, coma, or death. A 2017 case report in BMJ Case Reports documented a 67-year-old woman who developed cyanide poisoning after consuming high doses of apricot seed supplements, highlighting the real dangers of unregulated use.
Laetrile’s administration, whether oral or intravenous, has been linked to toxicity, particularly when combined with high doses of vitamin C, which can amplify cyanide release. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned laetrile in the U.S. in the 1970s due to these risks and lack of efficacy, though it remains available in some countries and through unregulated online markets. A 2020 analysis by the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine estimated that thousands of patients worldwide continue to use amygdalin, often without medical oversight, increasing the risk of adverse effects.
The psychological and financial costs are also significant. Patients may delay or forgo evidence-based treatments like chemotherapy or surgery in favor of B17, leading to disease progression and worse outcomes. A 2018 study in JAMA Oncology found that cancer patients using alternative therapies had a 2.5 times higher mortality risk than those following conventional treatments. Additionally, the cost of laetrile treatments in alternative clinics, often thousands of dollars, places a financial burden on vulnerable patients.
The Appeal of Vitamin B17 in Alternative Medicine
The enduring popularity of Vitamin B17 reflects broader trends in alternative medicine, where distrust in conventional systems drives demand for “natural” remedies. The narrative of a suppressed cure resonates with those frustrated by the high costs and side effects of modern cancer treatments. Social media platforms, including posts on X, amplify these claims, with users sharing testimonials about apricot seeds or laetrile “curing” cancer, despite lacking scientific backing. This anecdotal evidence often overshadows rigorous studies, exploiting hope and desperation among patients facing life-threatening illnesses.
Cultural factors also play a role. The emphasis on natural foods and holistic health aligns with B17’s promotion as a plant-based solution. However, this overlooks the fact that natural compounds can be toxic—cyanide in apricot seeds is a prime example. The allure of a simple, non-invasive cure contrasts with the complexity of cancer, a disease with diverse causes and treatments, making B17’s one-size-fits-all claim particularly misleading.
Implications and Lessons
The Vitamin B17 controversy underscores the importance of evidence-based medicine and critical thinking. While the desire for alternative treatments is understandable, especially for patients with poor prognoses, the risks of unproven therapies like B17 outweigh potential benefits. Regulatory bodies like the FDA and NCI play a crucial role in protecting public health by evaluating claims and restricting dangerous substances. However, the persistence of B17’s popularity highlights the need for better public education on scientific literacy and the dangers of pseudoscience.
Healthcare providers can bridge this gap by addressing patients’ concerns empathetically while guiding them toward proven treatments. Integrating psychosocial support and clear communication about treatment options can reduce reliance on unverified remedies. Additionally, stricter regulation of online supplement markets, where B17 products are often sold without warnings, could prevent harm.
Is it a Vitamin?
Vitamin B17, or amygdalin/laetrile, is not a miracle cure but a cautionary tale of hope clashing with scientific reality. Its lack of efficacy, coupled with significant health risks, renders it an unreliable and dangerous option for cancer treatment. The compound’s promotion as a vitamin and natural remedy exploits vulnerabilities in patients and distrust in medical systems, perpetuating a cycle of misinformation. While the search for innovative cancer therapies is vital, it must be grounded in rigorous evidence. The lesson of B17 is clear: embracing unproven treatments without scrutiny can lead to harm, underscoring the need for science to guide hope toward safe, effective solutions.
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